秦汉以降编民耕战政策模式初探    李治安

自“商鞅变法”滥觞，基于授田和二十等爵的编民耕战，构成了秦汉以降近半帝制国家临民理政的主导性模式。它历经秦西汉的鼎盛、北朝隋唐赖“均田”“府兵”及“租庸调”的再造复兴和明代“配户当差”为特色的最后“辉煌”，在两千年的历史舞台上表演不同凡响。作为马克思所云“行政权力支配社会”典型体现的编民耕战模式，重在对百姓及地主经济实施全面管控，尤以徭役、兵役沉重，故特名“耕战”。其目标是举国动员和富国强兵。本质又在于摈弃贵族私人领属，与郡县官僚制配套，构建藉授田、户籍、赋役直接控制役使全体百姓的国家农奴制秩序，进而为君主专制集权提供最大化的社会平台及经济资源。该模式以授田或均田暂时解决地主经济自身的“瓶颈”难题，充当着专制皇权与农民间直接统制、隶属的政治“链条”，对多民族统一国家的延续发展和古代重大工程营造等，厥功甚伟。该模式下“举百万井疆耕耨之丁壮为奴隶”及强制析产分户，往往带来“逃户”脱籍、人口与资源失衡等。藏富于国客观上也容易助长君主及官僚的权力膨胀或滥用徭役，进而酿成暴君祸害天下和官民极端冲突，增大帝制国家的风险系数。其“公权力”被滥用等缺陷，又需要兼容型的士农工商较自由发展模式为其寻求出路。

A Discussion of the Model of Registering People for Farming and Warfare since the Qin and Han Dynasties    Li Zhi’an

Originated from the Shang Yang Reform, registering people for farming and warfare based on granting land and twentyrank titles had been the dominated governance model of nearly half of the empires since the Qin and Han dynasties. As a typical example of “executive power dominating the society” said by Marx, this model concentrates on comprehensive control of common people and landlord economy. This model aims at national mobilization and enriching the national power. Its essence lies in abandoning the private territory of aristocracy, as well as construct an order of national serfdom that directly controls and enslaves all the people matching with the prefecture county bureaucracy, and then provides maximized social platform and economic resource for autocratic monarchy. The model temporally solves the choke point of landlord economy by land granting or equalization, acts as the political “chain” of direct rule and subjection between imperial power and peasants, and contributes greatly to large projects as well as the continuity of the unified multi-ethnic country. This model also caused problems including escaping household registration, imbalance of population and resource, power expansion or abuse of taxes and corvée, and etc., which might breed tyrants or conflicts between officers and common people. And the defect such as the abuse of public power, need to seek a solution by a more free development pattern in turn.