制度演进与舆论型塑：明末内阁政治生态解析——以钱龙锡、杨嗣昌为例    李文玉

内阁阁臣钱龙锡因蓟辽督师袁崇焕“通敌”而获罪，阁臣杨嗣昌因宣大总督卢象升战死遭舆论谴责。在这两起与总督相关的事件中，阁臣皆成为被抨击的对象。在明末的庙堂之上，政事追责的内阁指向性与阁臣行为的易受攻击性，构成内阁政治生态的显著特征。在阁臣与督抚的关系中，此种特征表现得尤为明显。其中原因与内阁“类相”而又“非相”的制度特征有着本质关联。在这两起事件及此后的舆论型塑影响下，内阁的职能空间愈发逼仄，阁臣处境更为艰难。通过钱龙锡、杨嗣昌两位阁臣的个人境遇，可以看到制度演进、舆论环境与政治事件对明末内阁政治生态的共同影响与作用。

System Evolution and Shaping of Public Opinion: An Analysis of the Political Ecology of the Grand Secretariat in Late Ming Dynasty with Qian Longxi and Yang Sichang for Instances    Li Wenyu

The Grand Secretary Qian Longxi was convicted for Yuan Chonghuan “colluding with the enemy,” and another Grand Secretary Yang Sichang was condemned by public opinion for the Supreme Commander Lu Xiangsheng dying in battle. In the two incidents related to Supreme Commander, the Grand Secretaries both became the targets of criticism. On the imperial court in late Ming, accountability of the Grand Secretariat in political affairs, as well as vulnerability of the Grand Secretary’s acts, formed the remarkable features of the political ecology of the Grand Secretariat. Such features are especially apparent in the relationship between the Grand Secretary and Governors, which was essentially relevant to the institutional characteristics of the Grand Secretariat that being analogous to but not the Prime Minister. Under the influence of the two incidents and subsequent public opinion, the functional space of the Grand Secretariat became narrower, and the situation of the Grand Secretaries became much more difficult. From the individual circumstances of the two Grand Secretaries, we can observe the combined influence and effect of system evolution, public opinion environment, and political incidents to the political ecology of the Grand Secretariat in the late Ming dynasty.