蒋介石与陈诚在台湾的土地改革    杨天石

孙中山早就提出“耕者有其田”的土改方案，主张“和平解决”，“让农民可以得益，地主也不吃亏”。国民党虽接受此方案，但长期空喊、议论。1949年，蒋介石下野反思，认为在大陆失败的主因是未能按孙中山主张办事。他重读孙中山的《民生主义》演讲，决心入台后首先实行土改，并将这一任务交给其亲信陈诚。台湾的土改兼顾地主和农民的利益，既使大量农民上升为自耕农，又以土地债券和公营公司的股票补偿地主。结果，台湾农业超越战前最高水平，土地资本向新兴工商业转化。台湾一度跻身亚洲“四小龙”，土改是其起步阶段。陈诚自称，台湾土改是不流一滴血的革命，美国人视为典范，不少国家纷纷取经，但是，这种土改，不能改变社会的两极悬殊，只改变了财富的占有形式和占有者的社会身份，不少地主摇身变为资本家。近年来，台湾社会出现“外来者打压本地菁英，损害了‘我们’地主的利益”的看法，这就不仅是在为台湾地主叫屈，而且是在为“台独”理论张目。

The Agrarian Reform in Taiwan Guided by Chiang Kai-shek and Chen Cheng    Yang Tianshi

Sun Yat-sen had long proposed the scheme of “land to the tiller” for agrarian reform, and advocated “peaceful resolution” which both benefits the peasants and avoids the loss of landlords. Although the Kuomintang accepted the scheme, there remained chronic sloganeering and empty talk. After retreating from Mainland China in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek made reflection and attributed their failure to that they failed to act to Sun’s opinion. He reread Sun’s speech “People’s Livelihood,” made his determination to implementing agrarian reform first after entering Taiwan, and consigned the task to Chen Cheng, his trusted follower. The agrarian reform in Taiwan made a large number of peasants rising to yeomen farmers, and compensated landlords with land bonds and public corporate stocks, thus took account the benefits of both sides. As a result, Taiwan’s agriculture surpassed the highest prewar level, and land capital transformed to emerging industry and commerce. Taiwan once rose to one of the Four Asian Tigers, the agrarian reform acted as the initial stage. Chen Cheng claimed that the agrarian reform in Taiwan is a bloodless revolution, which was regarded successful by the Americans, and many countries learnt from it. Yet this kind of reform only reallocated social wealth as well as changed the social identity of possessors, but could not change the social polarization. In recent years, there emerges in Taiwan a kind of opinion that “the outsiders suppress local elites, and prejudice the interests of ‘our’ landlords.” That is not only complaint for landlords in Taiwan, but also propaganda of Taiwan independence.