封建、郡县之辨，是中国古代政治思想史上一个特别重要的议题，涉及古代国家权力与资源如何分配、中央与地方政府的权力界限的问题。既然郡县已经成为秦汉以来牢不可破的国家政体，那么其弊端也时时显露、为害。在缺乏新的政治哲学资源的时代，对于郡县制度“其专在上”的反思与批评，就只能借助于封建的话题来进行。这是封建论在不同时代时时被提起的历史背景。明清之际，宋明理学尤其是其“公私、义利之辨”，成为了新的政治文化资源，深刻地介入对政治理论的塑造与影响之中。明代末期的义利之辨对明朝以皇权为核心的利益集团的批判，既包含深刻的学理，也有着惊心动魄的现实斗争因素。在晚清建立权利、自治等现代政治观念之时，封建、郡县之辨又成为中国近代革命伦理得以建立的重要思想资源。

A New Discussion of the Differentiation between Feudal System and Prefecture-county System: Among Power, Benefit, and Morality

Yu Hongliang

As an important issue in the history of political thought in ancient China, the differentiation between feudal system and prefecture-county system involves the problems about the distribution of power and resource of ancient country, and the power boundary between central government and local government. Since the prefecture-county system had been the unbreakable regime since the Qin-Han period, the disvantages of the system also showed constantly. In the era lack of new resource of political philosophy, reflection and criticism of the system could only be approached by the topic of feudal system. That is the historical background of theory of feudalism often be mentioned in different times. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Neo-Confucianism, especially its idea on the differentiation between justice and profit, as well as the public and the private, became new political and cultural resource which deeply intervened in the shaping and influencing of political theory. In the late Ming Dynasty, such criticism of the interest group with the core of the Ming court not only contained academic principle, but also reflected the thrilling practical struggle. When the modern political ideas such as rights and autonomy were formed in the late Qing period, the differentiation between feudal system and prefecture-county system again became important ideological resource in the establishment of modern revolutionary ethic in China.