由于对《论语》中孔子有关人性的论述理解不同，在历代相关学者的阐释与发挥中，主要产生了六种人性论:孟子的“性善论”，荀子的“性朴论”，韩非子的“性私论”，扬雄的“性善恶混论”，王充、韩愈的“性三品论”，张载、程颐、朱熹等人的“天地之性与气质之性论”。六种人性论之间存在着这样的内在联系:孟子的“性善论”可谓“论性不论气，不备”；荀子的“性朴论”、韩非子的“性私论”可谓“论气不论性，不明”；而扬雄的“性善恶混论”、王充与韩愈的“性三品论”虽然同时从“性”与“气”两个角度来思考人性，但没有将“性”与“气”区分开来，可谓“论后天不论先天，不明”；只有张载、程颐、朱熹等人关于“天地之性(天命之性)”与“气质之性”的人性论，兼顾到了以上各方面，将前五种人性论的所有内容都去粗取精地包含于其中，乃是以“性善论”为体，以“性朴论”、“性三品论”为用的人性论，“性私论”、“性善恶混论”等内容都已被扬弃于其“用”之中。宋儒这种集大成的人性论最符合《论语》中孔子的人性思想，最能彰显儒家精神。

The Internal Relation among the Six Kinds of Confucian Theories on Human Nature: Based on Confucius Discourse on Human Nature in The Analects

Li Xicheng

Due to different understandings of Confucius’ discourse on human nature in The Analects, there mainly generated six kinds of theories on human nature in the interpretations of scholars of different epochs, i.e. Mencius’ theory of good human nature, Xunzi’s theory of plain human nature, Han Fei’s theory of private human nature, Yang Xiong’s theory of mixed human nature, the theory of “human nature in three ranks” held by Wang Chong and Han Yu, and the theory of “nature of Heaven & Earth and nature of physical endowment” held by Zhang Zai, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi. Among the six kinds of theories, Mencius’ theory “discusses the human nature while ignores the physical endowment”; the theories of Xunzi and Han Fei “discusses the physical endowment while ignores the human nature”; although the theories of Yang Xiong, Wang Chong, and Han Yu consider human nature from both congenital nature and acquired physical endowment, they failed to make a distinction between the two; only the theory proposed by Zhang Zai, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi which combines the nature of Heaven and Earth (i.e. nature out of the mandate of Heaven) and the nature of physical endowment gives consideration to all the above aspects. This kind of theory is the best fit for Confucius’ thought on human nature, and the best manifest Confucian spirit.