现代个体权利与儒家传统中的“个体”        孙向晨

个体之于现代社会具有根基性意义。个体自由概念在历史上发展出了个体权利和个体自律双重意义。尊重个体权利是现代社会的基石，但个体权利的扩张亦会延伸出个体本位的消极后果，在西方社会，这需要西方文化传统的制衡，并辅以道德性的个体自律思想的建立。儒家传统缺少作为现代社会之基础的非道德性的个体权利观念，儒家传统与现代社会的结合点并不在于重视个体权利，而在于儒家心性之学传统中的个体自律思想。在近代中国社会，个体自律的思想反复使知识分子从重视个体权利滑向整体主义，从而使得个体权利的观念始终没有在现代中国真正建立起来。从本质上讲，重视个体权利的现代社会大前提一旦在现代中国确立，则儒家传统中的个体自律意识反而会在现代中国更有生命力，从而成为抵御个体主义消极后果的利器。

Individual Rights in Modern Time and “Individual” in Confucian Tradition

Sun Xiangchen

Individual has its fundamental meaning in modern society. The concept of individual freedom has developed the dual meaning of individual rights and individual autonomy in Western history, but Chinese scholars often confuse these two meanings. The expansion of individual rights will extend the negative consequences of individualism, so individualism requires the balance of Western cultural traditions, and was supplemented by the establishment of moral autonomy. In Chinese society, the Confucian tradition lacks the concept of non-moral individual rights, which is the foundation of modern society. What is the combining point of Chinese cultural tradition and modern society, it is not to transform the Confucian tradition into individual rights, but to emphasis on individual autonomy in Confucian tradition, which could balance modern individual rights. In the modern Chinese society, although the intellectuals repeated individual rights again and again, because of the confusion of individual right and individual autonomy. Chinese intellectuals always turn to collectivism. What need we do is to established the big premise of individual rights in modern China firstly, and then to emphasize the Confucian tradition of individual autonomy, which could become the weapon to resist the negative consequences of individualism.