“西安事变”与“丢失大陆”：失败者怎样书写历史——兼谈国民党文宣系统的“曲释”操作  刘晓艺

西安事变是中国近现代史上的关键事件，也是国民党在大陆最终溃败的远因之一。国民党作为一个“失败的政府”，在播迁台湾后需要对民众和友邦作出一个有关“丢失大陆”的历史交代，于是其文宣系统运作出台了《苏俄在中国》一书。在其成书过程中，由于西安事变不能绕过，蒋介石亲笔写下了有关这一重大历史事件的八页意见。将蒋氏手稿与成书后的《苏俄在中国》进行比较，结合蒋氏希图用文字彰道、明德的成贤作圣心态，我们可以鉴知，当面对以蒋氏第一人称来落笔的文本时，为何国民党文宣尤需用“曲释”操作。探研陈布雷、陶希圣等蒋氏文胆的个人生平，我们亦可窥见他们身为有独立思想的知识分子在文宣“曲释”生涯面前的选择困境。对照德国文化历史学家沃尔夫冈·施伊费尔布什所构建的有关失败文化的范式，我们在此以蒋氏及其政府文宣系统的历史书写——既包括“丢失大陆”这样的致命失败，亦包括西安事变这样的重大失败——为例，揭橥失败者在生产历史纪录过程中的种种复杂诉求。

The Xi’an Coup and the Loss of Mainland: How Losers Deal with Historiography Doubled as a Discussion on KMT’s Political Spin

Liu Xiaoyi

The 1937 Coup of Xi’an is an important incident in Chinese modern history, which also contributed to KMT’s “Loss of Mainland” in 1949, of which both the Nationalist government and its leader Chiang Kai’shek must give out a historical account upon settling down in Taiwan. In mid 1950s, Chiang’s senior political consultant Tao Xisheng ghostwrote for him a political memoir, Soviet Russia in China, to address this historiographical need. While Tao and his PR colleagues were working on the book, Chiang contributed his own opinions and recollections on the Xi’an Coup in a memo comprised of eight pages of his own handwriting. Comparing Chiang’s manuscript to the published Soviet Russia in China, we could see how maneuvers of political spin were adopted in the PR of KMT; exploring the life and professional experiences of Chen Bulei and Tao Xisheng, both senior consultants to Chiang, we could peer into the predicaments of those liberal intellectuals who were caught in the career of spinning. Taking the “Culture of Defeat” as established by German historian Wolfgang Schivelbusch as a cultural paradigm and comparing it to KMT’s historiographical enterprises in the writing of Xi’an Coup and Loss of Mainland, we examine the complex appeals in the production of history in a defeated government.