先秦政治思想史上的道义与功利之争                         胡新生

先秦政治思想领域一直存在着重道义和重功利两种思想的对立。这种对立，在商代表现为商王朝崇尚严刑峻法和周邦倡导明德慎罚的不同，在西周表现为鲁国“亲亲上恩”和齐国“尊贤上功”的不同，在春秋表现为“道之以德，齐之以礼”和“道之以政，齐之以刑”的不同，在战国则集中表现为推崇礼治的儒家和推崇法治的法家之间的激烈交锋。两派思想的对峙与冲突不但贯穿了先秦政治思想史的始终，还从根本上决定了当时政治思想的局面和进程。两派政治思想对立关系的形成，与中国早期国家的特殊形态即宗族国家形态密切相关。宗族组织和国家机器的紧密结合，家族伦理与政治伦理的高度一致，首先促生了代表宗族势力、富于宗法与亲情气息、带有浓厚中国文化特色的道义派政治思想。而作为代表国家势力的一端,注重政治与法规建设、看重行政效率和国家实力的功利派政治思想也相伴而生。道义与功利之争在中国古代政治思想领域反复出现并产生广泛深刻的影响，这是中国古代家族组织、家族文化和宗法意识特别发达的社会政治现实必然导致的结果。

The Opposition between Morality and Utility

in the History of Political Thoughts during the Pre-Qin Times

Hu Xinsheng

There was an opposition between morality and utility in the field of political thought during the pre-Qin times. In the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Court advocated severe law, while the State of Zhou initiated virtue and cautious penalty; in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the opposition showed as the State of Lu “being close to one’s kinsfolk and showing favor”, with the State of Qi “respcting the sage and upholding contribution”; in the Spring and Autumn period, the opposition showed as the difference between “leading people by virtue and unifying them by the rules of propriety”, and “leading people by laws and unifying them with punishments”; in the Warring States period, the opposition mainly showed as fierce disputes between Confucianism approving rule by rites and Legalists praising rule of law. Those conflicts not only ran through the history of political thought during the pre-Qin times, but also fundamentally determined the situation and course of political thought at that time. The formation of antagonistic relation between the two factions was closely related to the special form of early Chinese state, i.e. the clan state. The combination of clan organization and state machinery, as well as high consistence between family ethics and political ethics, promoted firstly moral political thoughts on behalf of clan force, full of patriarchal flavor as well as family affection, and bearing strong characteristics of Chinese culture. Meanwhile, as a representative of the state power, the other faction which paid attention to political and law construction, as well as valued administrative efficiency and national power also emerged. The opposition between morality and utility appeared repeatedly and exerted profound influence on political thought in ancient China, which was an inevitable result of the social and political reality in ancient China with specially developed clan organizations, clan culture, and patriarchal consciousness.