论永乐“郡县安南”对“郑和下西洋”之影响
杨永康 张佳玮
摘要：永乐时期明成祖朱棣发动对安南战争并郡县其地是有其战略考量的，“郡县安南”威慑中南半岛番国，“郑和下西洋”威慑海岛番国，二者互为犄角之势，海路、陆路双管齐下，对西洋尤其是南海地区形成巨大军事压力。“郡县安南”之后，明朝从陆路近可制占城，远可控满剌加，为郑和下西洋提供了有力的支持，西洋朝贡体系得以顺利建立和巩固。明宣宗继位，对黎利剿抚不力，明军在大败之后撤出交趾，沉重地打击了明朝威望，明朝失去了控制南海的地理优势。西洋诸番疏于朝贡，明宣宗心有不甘，遂命郑和第七次下西洋以挽回局面。宣德之后，安南坐大，朱棣所经营的西洋朝贡体系趋向松散与瓦解，明朝宗主国的地位名存实亡。“郡县安南”为明朝控制中南半岛奠定了基础，加速和推进了西洋朝贡体系的建立，朱棣“郡县安南”的决策对“郑和下西洋”产生了重要而积极的影响，而宣宗“弃置交趾”恰恰是西洋朝贡体系濒于崩溃的前兆。
On the Influence of “Setting up Prefectures and Counties in Annam” in the Reign of Yongle to “Zheng He’s Treasure Voyages”
Yang Yongkang, Zhang Jiawei
Abstract: In the reign of Yongle, Zhu Di, the Chengzhu of Ming made war to Annam and set up prefectures and counties there under his strategic consideration: “setting up prefectures and counties in Annam” was to deter the vassal states in the Indo-China Peninsula, and “Zheng He’s treasure voyages” aimed at deterring the vassal states on the islands. Those combined routes over both land and water caused a situation of converging attack, and formed enormous military pressure to Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean region, especially over the region of South China Sea. After setting up prefectures and counties in Annam, the Ming Dynasty could control the range from the Champa Kingdom to Malacca by road, providing strong support to the treasure voyages to the Western seas, and the tributary system was then established and strengthened smoothly. Till the succession of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming, the suppression of Le Loi went weak, and the army of the Ming Dynasty withdrew from Cochin after a debacle, the prestige of the Ming Dynasty then suffered badly, and China lost the geographical advantage of controlling the South China Sea. Unwilling that the vassal states neglected to present tributes, Emperor Xuanzong sent Zheng He to the seventh voyage to retrieve the situation. After the reign of Xuande, Annam grew strong, so the tributary system in Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean region conducted by Zhu Di tended to disintegrate, and the suzerain position of the Ming Dynasty became defunct. “Setting up prefectures and counties in Annam” laid foundation for the Ming Dynasty controlling the Indo-China Peninsula, and promoting the establishment of the tributary system around the region. That decision-making of Zhu Di had an important and positive impact on the treasure voyages, while the Emperor Xuanzong “abandoned Cochin” was just a precursor to the collapse of the tributary system.
