江户幕府时期日本对华观的矛盾现象——以日本对清朝的军事情报活动为中心

仲光亮  

摘要：江户幕府时期的日本，其对华观呈现出十分明显的矛盾现象：一方面贱视清朝，视清朝为“夷狄”，坚持拒绝与清朝通交的立场；另一方面，却又特别重视清朝，视清朝为日本主要的威胁。日本江户幕府虽然与清朝没有官方交往，但却利用其周邻外交和唐船贸易的信息渠道，在搜集清朝“三藩之乱”、乾隆帝南巡等政治情报的同时，尤其重视搜集舆地、军政、武备技术等清朝军事方面的情报。贱视清朝，主要是从文化心态层面出发的，江户幕府主政官员深受儒家“华夷观”的影响；重视清朝，则是从现实层面出发的，毕竟当时的日本国力较弱，并不具备与清朝抗衡的军事实力。如此看似矛盾的对华观，也正是江户幕府时期日本涉华行为的特征。

The Contradictory Attitude of Japan to China in the Edo Period: Centered on the Military Intelligence Activities of Japan to the Qing Dynasty         

Zhong Guangliang

Abstract:The Edogawa Shogunate showed a contradictory attitude towards the Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, it despised the Qing Dynasty, taking the latter as barbarians, and refused to build diplomatic relationship. On the other hand, it focused great attention on the Qing Dynasty, taking the Qing Dynasty as a major threat. Although the Edogawa Shogunate was not in official contact with the Qing Dynasty, but it took advantage of the neighboring country’s diplomacy and Chinese shipping trade to seek political information of the Qing Dynasty, such as the Revolt of the Three Feudatories and Qianlong’s southern tour, particularly in military information of the Qing Dynasty, such as geography, military policy and arms technique. On the cultural level, the Japanese administrator’s despise of the Qing Dynasty was influenced by the Confucian concept of Chinese (hua) and foreigners (yi). Japanese focus on the Qing Dynasty came from the practical considerations, because Japan was not strong enough in military to contend against the Qing Dynasty. The contradictory attitude was the main characteristic in the behavior of the Edogawa Shogunate towards the Qing Dynasty.