由“记王言”而“代王言”：战国秦汉人臣草诏制度的演生
代国玺
摘要：人臣草诏之制是中国古代的重要政治制度，这一制度并非始自先秦，而是到东汉初期才完全确立。春秋以前，王命一般用口头方式发布，所以不存在人臣为君王起草文书的现象。到战国时期，由于文字的广泛传播和官僚体制的确立，文书行政机制正式确立，形成了人臣“记王言”的制度。这种制度在秦汉大一统帝国建立之后，仍持续了一段时间，直至东汉时期帝国体制发展到了较成熟的阶段，才最终被人臣“代王言”的制度所彻底取代。学界以往之成说，即西汉时期由御史或尚书负责草拟诏文，不能成立。
From “Recording King’s Words” to “Speaking for King”: the Evolution of Officials Drafting Edicts in the Warring States, Qin and Han Period
Dai Guoxi
The system of officials drafting edicts is an important political system in ancient China. It did not originate from the pre-Qin times, but was completely established till the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Before the Spring and Autumn period, king’s orders generally issued verbally, so there did not exist the phenomenon of officials drafting documents for kings. In the Warring States period, the administrative mechanism on documents was formalized because of the wide spread of written language and the establishment of bureaucracy, thus formed the system of officials “recording king’s words.” This system still lasted after the establishment of the unification of Qin and Han Empires, and was finally replaced by the system of officials “speaking for king” entirely till the Eastern Han Dynasty when the imperial system went more mature. So the previous view that the Censor or Imperial Secretary was in charge of drafting the edicts in the Western Han Dynasty is unsustainable.
