子书崛起与书籍变革                                                                        刘光裕

官书是商周时期史官文化的产物，史官文化是为商周政教合一服务的以垄断为宗旨的宗教文化，故而官书具有三个特征：不准公众传播（不准公诸于众），作者不署名（作者没有著作权），书无定本。子书兴起于官书之后，其兴起的历史动因是春秋战国年间从政教合一演变为政教分离的伟大变革。诸子学说与子书鼓吹政教分离，倡导世俗政治与世俗文化，是史官文化的反叛者，然而诸子师徒从事文化活动时离不开历史传统的制约，在官书三特征的影响下，文字不能成为交往与交流的媒介，口述文化盛行不衰，这使诸子特别是前期诸子向公众传布学说，必须师徒相传或以师徒相传为主，其传承方式以口传居多。在官书传统影响下，汉以前子书作者概不署名，说明汉以前我国从未建立著作权，故而子书作者写作不受著作权的约束，作品无有真伪之别。子书崛起，一方面以阅读文化取代口述文化，另一方面逐步变革官书三特征，终于到汉代带领我国书籍实现从不向公众传播到面向公众传播的根本转变，导致出版的诞生。从文化史看，官书到子书是从王官之学到民间著述，从宗教一元文化到世俗多元文化，从垄断到自由的历史跨越，从而开启了秦汉以来两千年文化繁荣昌盛的大门。

The Appearance of Works of Philosophers and Transformation of Books                           Liu Guangyu

   The official books are products of the system of official historian in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. As the culture of official historian is a kind of religious culture served for Caesaropapism and the purpose of monopolization, the official books possess three characteristics: no public communication being allowed, the author being anonymous, and book having no definitive edition. The works of philosophers appeared posterior to official books, which was caused by the great revolution from Caesaropapism to separation of indoctrination and the state. Acting as rebels of the culture of official historian, philosophers advocated worldly politics and culture in their theories and books, yet they and their apprentices were inseparable from the context of historical tradition in cultural activities. Under the influence of the three characteristics of official books, written language could not be the media of association and communication, and oral culture continued unabated, so the theories of philosophers, especially of the early ones must be handed down by or were handed down mostly by their apprentices with oral teaching. And under the influence of the tradition of official books, the works of philosophers were not signed before the Han Dynasty, showing that copyright was not established in China before the Han Dynasty, so the authors of the works of philosophers were not restricted by copyright, and there was not the problem of authenticity about these works. On the one hand, the appearance of works of philosophers replaced oral culture with reading culture, and on the other hand, these works gradually transformed the characteristics of official books, and finally led to the fundamental transition of books from no public communication to public communication. In the perspective of cultural history, the change from official books to works of philosophers means the breakthrough from official learnings to folk writing, from religi