帝国共和：从“清皇”到“大圣皇”——关于“袁世凯加笔民国宪法草案”

李冬木［日］佐藤亘吉田富夫

摘要：“袁世凯加笔民国宪法草案”系诸桥辙次博士保存下来的墨迹文献之一，现存于日本新潟县三条市诸桥辙次记念馆，迄今未被公开。那么，这份“民国”诞生以前的手写“民国宪法草案”是一份怎样的资料？其意义何在？在此基础上是否有最终文本形成？如果有的话，那么定本又呈现于怎样的形态？作为“民国”的国体设计图，其在构想上与目前已知的同时期“宪法”设计又有着怎样的异同？在“民国”即将诞生之际，袁世凯方面还准备了一份以“大圣皇”取代“清皇”的所谓“帝国共和”方案，其“大圣皇”与“大总统”并存的国体构造，不同于目前已知的同时期任何一部正式公布的“宪法”，提供了不同于“君主立宪”或“共和立宪”的新构想，体现了宪法设计水准的某一到达点。

关键词：袁世凯；民国宪法草案；张琴；“大圣皇”；帝国共和

The Imperial Republic from the Qing Emperor to the Dasheng (Mahatma) Emperor:

A Study of the “Constitutional Draft Amended by Yuan Shikai”          Li Dongmu, Soto Wataru, Yoshida Tomio

As one of the handwritten documents preserved by Dr. Morohashi Tetsuji, the “Constitutional Draft Amended by Yuan Shikai” is now archived in the Morohashi Tetsuji Memorial Hall in Sanjō City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and has not been made public. What kind of material is this draft written before the birth of the “republic”? What is its significance? Is there a final text based upon it? What kind of form, if any, did the codified edition have? As the design of a “republican” state system, what are the similarities and differences between it and contemporaneous constitutional plans currently known? On the birth of the “republic,” Yuan also prepared a scheme for a so-called “imperial republic” substituting a Mahatma Emperor for the Qing Emperor. The structure of this state system with coexistence of the Mahatma Emperor and the Grand President was different from any “constitution” officially released in that period, provided a new conception different from both “constitutional monarchy” and “constitutional republic,” and reflected a level once reached in constitutional design.