国际中国社会史大论战

——以1956年中国历史分期问题讨论为中心                             陈怀宇

1948～1972年，西欧中国学家们组织了每年一度的学术会议，轮流在欧洲各个城市举行，发表论文交流学术信息。这一会议最初由西欧学者主办，后来扩展到苏联、东欧乃至全世界，基本形成了一个中国学全球共同体。1955～1956年中国学者两次应邀参加，先后有翦伯赞、周一良、夏鼐、张芝联四位学者参加。他们不仅在会上发表论文，介绍中国近代史研究，还组织了新中国考古成就展，吸引了广大中国学家们的注意。其中最有意义的中外史学交流是1956年巴黎会议上发生的国际中国社会史大论战。会议的主题是中国历史分期问题，中国学者介绍了基于马克思主义史学的历史分期理论，适逢欧洲学者受到马克思主义影响也热衷于经济社会史研究思路，遂引发了国际大论战。这次论战参与者包括当时欧美地区知名中国学家如蒲立本、史华慈、傅吾康、白乐日、齐赫文斯基等，甚至连法国年鉴学派代表人物布罗代尔等也注意到这次大论战，可谓20世纪学术史上中国史学影响最为广泛的一次国际大讨论。这样的大论战不仅是学术全球化的结果，也是冷战初期欧美知识界深受左翼思潮影响的必然产物。换言之，这次大论战的出现受到冷战初期全球政治、思想、学术多重因素的综合影响。

The Grand Global Debate of the Social History of China:

   Centered on the Discussion on the Historical Periodization of China in 1956                      Chen Huaiyu

In 1948-1972, Sinologists in West Europe organized annual conferences for junior Sinologues and held them around Europe. They presented papers, exchanged academic information, and made friends. These conferences were held in West Europe at the beginning and later Sinologists from Soviet Union and East Europe also joined. Eventually scholars from China and elsewhere were also invited to participate, which made a global community of Chinese studies. Chinese scholars including Jian Bozan, Zhou Yiliang, Xia Nai, and Zhang Zhilian attended conferences in Leiden in 1955 and in Paris in 1956. They presented their research, introduced the progress of compiling sources of modern Chinese history in China, and organized exhibits on Chinese archaeological findings since 1949. One of the most noteworthy accomplishments in the Paris conference was the debate on the social history of China, which centered on the periodization of Chinese history. Chinese participants introduced the periodization discussions in China based on Marxism, which generated very fruitful discussions and fascinating debates among European and American scholars. Most renowned Sinologists were involved in this debate, and even French historian Braudel was attracted. This grand debate should be examined within the political, intellectual, and cultural contexts of the Cold War. During that period, the intellectuals across the globe were influenced by leftist thought. This grand debate was also an outcome of the globalization of Sinology in the post-World War II era.